Sunday, September 1, 2019

Ashkenazic Shared DNA Survey - September 2019 Update

An updated version of this post is here.

Thank you to everyone who has contributed data about shared DNA in people with Ashkenazic ancestry!  I have 5537 data points to analyze, and that should help the entire genetic genealogy community  (I'm still collecting data--you can find out more about the project and how to contribute here).

This iteration looks at how shared DNA will differ depending on how much (documented) Ashkenazi DNA each individual has.

There are four tables below:
  • Table 1 looks at all 5337 data points, regardless of Ashkenazic percentage
  • Table 2 looks at those data points where both individuals are documented to be 100% Ashkenazic
  • Table 3 looks at those data points where one individual is documented to be 100% Ashkenazic and the other 50% Ashkenazic
  • Table 4 looks at those data points where both individuals are documented to be 50% Ashkenazic 
  • Table 5 looks at those data points where one individual is documented to be 100% Ashkenazic and the other 25% Ashkenazic
  • Table 6 looks at those data points where one individual is documented to be 50% Ashkenazic and the other 25% Ashkenazic
While I do have data for lower Ashkenazic percentages, at this point, I have so few data points that there isn't enough information to draw any conclusions.  (You can see how few data points I have for the 50%/25% comparison below.)

Table 1:  All responses (regardless of Ashkenazic percentage; 5337 data points)
RelationshipNumber of submissionsMin total shared cMMax total shared cMAverage total shared cMMin largest segmentMax largest segmentAverage largest segment
Parent/Child211337737303523.66203.4287270.45
Siblings212224630372678.1419.2281.5186.19
Half Siblings34128621671836.4279.4253.7145.89
Grandparent/Grandchild37136823121843.0192.4263.7180.82
Great Grandparent/Great Grandchild76181001785.566712697.93
Great-great Grandparent/Great-great Grandchild1511511511888888
Uncle or Aunt / Niece or Nephew24667123031786.5335268.8125.46
Half Uncle or Half Aunt / Half Niece or Half Nephew23638.11317943.5464.8161.5110.07
Great-Aunt or Great-Uncle / Great-Niece or Great-Nephew44363.32034.6895.627237.692.09
Great-Great-Aunt or Great-Great-Uncle / Great-Great-Niece or Great-Great-Nephew6620.31019.5855.5252.110774.83
First cousins4013831610927.681822183.96
First cousins once removed55671878486.9615133.260.03
First cousins twice removed970537252.77010844.45
First cousins three times removed2551.9302.8133.651772.134.69
Half first cousins19192852.6531.9224150.775.79
Half first cousins once removed4263.7500.1266.9823114.653.17
Half first cousins twice removed582.2212156.843675.559.97
Half first cousins three times removed234.754.844.759.210.49.8
Second cousins8776.8698273.34642347.66
Second cousins once removed8180446167.030565.137.7
Second cousins twice removed1320285.7108.13078.529.06
Second cousins three times removed27017785.0203219.77
Half second cousins9330313153.1511.885.538.09
Half second cousins once removed108024388.9606324.33
Half second cousins twice removed16091.840.43035.116.22
Half second cousins three times removed430.547.939.212.322.817.55
Third cousins4350315114.8709127.29
Third cousins once removed395021577.406821.03
Third cousins twice removed49017363.16043.8915.96
Third cousins three times removed1464646000
Half third cousins700101.930.04032.19.37
Half third cousins once removed21079.317.65018.85.07
Half third cousins twice removed1108108108101010
Fourth cousins257066452.61055.613.19
Fourth cousins once removed113014837.97041.510.44
Fourth cousins twice removed70102.458.57031.210.87
Half fourth cousins32080.126.11067.915.09
Half fourth cousins once removed6062.133.42062.121.48
Half fourth cousins twice removed1109109109666
Fifth cousins31011629.7022.54.82
Fifth cousins once removed300143.842.34038.99.47
Sixth cousins50109.547.8202811.16
Sixth cousins once removed70113.874.8303218.34
Half sixth cousins27511494.5555


Table 2: Both testers with known 100% Ashkenazi ancestry (3799 data points)
RelationshipNumber of submissionsMin total shared cMMax total shared cMAverage total shared cMMin largest segmentMax largest segmentAverage largest segment
Parent/Child153337937303523.85203.4284.26269.05
Siblings175224630372681.9619.2281.5186.39
Half Siblings91754.121671983.7799.27253.7145.81
Grandparent/Grandchild1914262215.11825.33114.5237.6177.92
Great Grandparent/Great Grandchild1673.9673.9673.991.591.591.5
Great-great Grandparent/Great-great Grandchild-------
Uncle or Aunt / Niece or Nephew19367123031794.2435223.7123.24
Half Uncle or Half Aunt / Half Niece or Half Nephew4954.41811711047.009591.23110.498.7413333333333
Great-Aunt or Great-Uncle / Great-Niece or Great-Nephew193642034.6870.2827237.691.83
Great-Great-Aunt or Great-Great-Uncle / Great-Great-Niece or Great-Great-Nephew6620.31019.5855.5252.110774.83
First cousins299434.11610929.422916783.2
First cousins once removed43261.21878498.4215133.260.65
First cousins twice removed46137.1439.4266.41479.144.29
First cousins three times removed392170.1131.0520.737.829.25
Half first cousins11192852.6529.6224150.772.35
Half first cousins once removed3789.8500.1273.9823114.655.69
Half first cousins twice removed3162212184.6774.375.574.9
Half first cousins three times removed234.754.844.759.210.49.8
Second cousins6386.8698280.081342347.55
Second cousins once removed5650446172.070565.136.8
Second cousins twice removed6917.6285.7118.359.978.529.64
Second cousins three times removed18017795.52030.619.51
Half second cousins6630257152.3311.885.537.78
Half second cousins once removed638.224397.168.26323.83
Half second cousins twice removed10091.840.53027.314.39
Half second cousins three times removed247.947.947.922.822.822.8
Third cousins3110315122.3809126.7
Third cousins once removed259020580.3706819.55
Third cousins twice removed35017371.78040.816.04
Third cousins three times removed1464646---
Half third cousins210101.945.7501710.95
Half third cousins once removed5079.334.580158.18
Half third cousins twice removed1108108108101010
Fourth cousins172066460.7904814.11
Fourth cousins once removed78014843.52038.810.48
Fourth cousins twice removed70102.458.57031.210.87
Half fourth cousins-------
Half fourth cousins once removed-------
Half fourth cousins twice removed1109109109666
Fifth cousins28011625.81014.84.01
Fifth cousins once removed270143.844.48038.99.44
Sixth cousins40109.543.5802810.48
Sixth cousins once removed40113.878.45027.814.6
Half sixth cousins27511494.5555



Table 3: One tester with known 100% Ashkenazi ancestry and one with known 50% Ashkenazi ancestry (821 data points)
RelationshipNumber of submissionsMin total shared cMMax total shared cMAverage total shared cMMin largest segmentMax largest segmentAverage largest segment
Parent/Child2133773587.13503.36263.7284.3273.58
Siblings-------
Half Siblings1712861960.41756.1679.4198.9151.17
Grandparent/Grandchild913682143.21792.42147.36263.7192.95
Great Grandparent/Great Grandchild-------
Great-great Grandparent/Great-great Grandchild-------
Uncle or Aunt / Niece or Nephew22837.121551682.3259268.8136.22
Half Uncle or Half Aunt / Half Niece or Half Nephew13771.71157.5933.1784.5161.5111.93
Great-Aunt or Great-Uncle / Great-Niece or Great-Nephew10363.31141835.9249.211489.96
Great-Great-Aunt or Great-Great-Uncle / Great-Great-Niece or Great-Great-Nephew-------
First cousins453831345949.8852145.782.94
First cousins once removed767844432.2529.5109.5558.69
First cousins twice removed17128.7451.9254.733010849.77
First cousins three times removed296105100.5171717
Half first cousins1558558558119119119
Half first cousins once removed-------
Half first cousins twice removed1148148148363636
Half first cousins three times removed-------
Second cousins10569.7658.1264.8615137.753.28
Second cousins once removed10821.5433.4155.4912.812240.37
Second cousins twice removed2830248.797.59855.129.57
Second cousins three times removed195.595.595.5555
Half second cousins15105313178.6928.886948.1
Half second cousins once removed30016483.86060.527.09
Half second cousins twice removed68.378.340.28.335.120.33
Half second cousins three times removed230.530.530.512.312.312.3
Third cousins56031098.5307627.52
Third cousins once removed60021572.25067.423.61
Third cousins twice removed9010340.1028.0311.9
Third cousins three times removed-------
Half third cousins32075.227.990269.81
Half third cousins once removed11065.114.82018.84.88
Half third cousins twice removed-------
Fourth cousins51013131.280439.48
Fourth cousins once removed310113.124.4041.59.85
Fourth cousins twice removed-------
Half fourth cousins30080.124.3566666666667067.914.22
Half fourth cousins once removed6062.133.4166666666667062.121.4833333333333
Half fourth cousins twice removed-------
Fifth cousins1505050999
Fifth cousins once removed215.74027.85101010
Sixth cousins-------
Sixth cousins once removed3588770123223.33
Half sixth cousins-------



Table 4: Both testers with known 50% Ashkenazi ancestry (61 data points)
RelationshipNumber of submissionsMin total shared cMMax total shared cMAverage total shared cMMin largest segmentMax largest segmentAverage largest segment
Parent/Child3344534803464---
Siblings1022602938.12631.53141.2220.7186.85
Half Siblings31650.918261722.8124.2184.5154.8
Grandparent/Grandchild-------
Great Grandparent/Great Grandchild-------
Great-great Grandparent/Great-great Grandchild-------
Uncle or Aunt / Niece or Nephew3167418821744.67126126126
Half Uncle or Half Aunt / Half Niece or Half Nephew-------
Great-Aunt or Great-Uncle / Great-Niece or Great-Nephew-------
Great-Great-Aunt or Great-Great-Uncle / Great-Great-Niece or Great-Great-Nephew-------
First cousins6775.91069907.9857.112299.6
First cousins once removed2508.7539.9524.346.177.962
First cousins twice removed-------
First cousins three times removed-------
Half first cousins-------
Half first cousins once removed-------
Half first cousins twice removed-------
Half first cousins three times removed-------
Second cousins7199455.3309.5843.39765.74
Second cousins once removed744197.2137.0723.689.255.08
Second cousins twice removed156.156.156.129.429.429.4
Second cousins three times removed-------
Half second cousins-------
Half second cousins once removed1686868393939
Half second cousins twice removed-------
Half second cousins three times removed-------
Third cousins1232232232000
Third cousins once removed3104113108.67265034.33
Third cousins twice removed146.946.946.99.59.59.5
Third cousins three times removed-------
Half third cousins1575757121212
Half third cousins once removed-------
Half third cousins twice removed-------
Fourth cousins120115.932.93035.910.99
Fourth cousins once removed-------
Fourth cousins twice removed-------
Half fourth cousins-------
Half fourth cousins once removed-------
Half fourth cousins twice removed-------
Fifth cousins-------
Fifth cousins once removed-------
Sixth cousins-------
Sixth cousins once removed-------
Half sixth cousins-------




Table 5: One tester with known 100% Ashkenazi ancestry and one with known 25% Ashkenazi ancestry (179 data points)
RelationshipNumber of submissionsMin total shared cMMax total shared cMAverage total shared cMMin largest segmentMax largest segmentAverage largest segment
Parent/Child-------
Siblings-------
Half Siblings-------
Grandparent/Grandchild1189118911891000
Great Grandparent/Great Grandchild-------
Great-great Grandparent/Great-great Grandchild-------
Uncle or Aunt / Niece or Nephew-------
Half Uncle or Half Aunt / Half Niece or Half Nephew-------
Great-Aunt or Great-Uncle / Great-Niece or Great-Nephew2728918823697672.5
Great-Great-Aunt or Great-Great-Uncle / Great-Great-Niece or Great-Great-Nephew-------
First cousins-------
First cousins once removed7388640507.334396.26768.4
First cousins twice removed2171.326250.807211.066527.88742.04534.966
First cousins three times removed281148114.5205236
Half first cousins6465647541.66585.372.8333333333333
Half first cousins once removed463.7334.2208.4525.650.835.525
Half first cousins twice removed182.282.282.254.154.154.1
Half first cousins three times removed-------
Second cousins1679.6497249.9120.29047.2
Second cousins once removed530409.5177.210119.1941.03
Second cousins twice removed410175110.5105123.75
Second cousins three times removed1161616000
Half second cousins1177157.2124.481818181818175532.0727272727273
Half second cousins once removed90109.644.18033.816.02
Half second cousins twice removed-------
Half second cousins three times removed-------
Third cousins1418.3298.5102.811881.138.15
Third cousins once removed110153.167.88059.824.25
Third cousins twice removed1191919000
Third cousins three times removed-------
Half third cousins16050.811.83032.16.25
Half third cousins once removed5034.86.96011.82.36
Half third cousins twice removed-------
Fourth cousins7086.328.79028.810.92
Fourth cousins once removed2000000
Fourth cousins twice removed-------
Half fourth cousins175.975.975.941.141.141.1
Half fourth cousins once removed-------
Half fourth cousins twice removed-------
Fifth cousins147474722.522.522.5
Fifth cousins once removed115.715.715.7---
Sixth cousins164.864.864.813.913.913.9
Sixth cousins once removed-------
Half sixth cousins-------




Table 6: One tester with known 50% Ashkenazi ancestry and one with known 25% Ashkenazi ancestry (41 data points)
RelationshipNumber of submissionsMin total shared cMMax total shared cMAverage total shared cMMin largest segmentMax largest segmentAverage largest segment
Parent/Child4346135863553.85281281.5281.166666666667
Siblings-------
Half Siblings-------
Grandparent/Grandchild-------
Great Grandparent/Great Grandchild-------
Great-great Grandparent/Great-great Grandchild-------
Uncle or Aunt / Niece or Nephew514381789.31682.62106160.87132.15
Half Uncle or Half Aunt / Half Niece or Half Nephew47041101856.775107.3155.7128.866666666667
Great-Aunt or Great-Uncle / Great-Niece or Great-Nephew-------
Great-Great-Aunt or Great-Great-Uncle / Great-Great-Niece or Great-Great-Nephew-------
First cousins1100010001000---
First cousins once removed8309.7682467.693683.860.53
First cousins twice removed-------
First cousins three times removed-------
Half first cousins-------
Half first cousins once removed-------
Half first cousins twice removed-------
Half first cousins three times removed-------
Second cousins6248483314.674011370.33
Second cousins once removed396192151.67123525.33
Second cousins twice removed153535327.327.327.3
Second cousins three times removed-------
Half second cousins-------
Half second cousins once removed-------
Half second cousins twice removed-------
Half second cousins three times removed-------
Third cousins437.2291110.02512.72317.85
Third cousins once removed152.852.852.828.228.228.2
Third cousins twice removed-------
Third cousins three times removed-------
Half third cousins-------
Half third cousins once removed-------
Half third cousins twice removed-------
Fourth cousins415.847.724.8813.616.315.33
Fourth cousins once removed-------
Fourth cousins twice removed-------
Half fourth cousins-------
Half fourth cousins once removed-------
Half fourth cousins twice removed-------
Fifth cousins-------
Fifth cousins once removed-------
Sixth cousins-------
Sixth cousins once removed-------
Half sixth cousins-------


Note that some relationships don't have enough data to really do anything statistically.  But as more people enter data, perhaps they will reach that threshold.  Please contribute more data if you haven't already!

And while I have data for people who have other known Ashkenazic ancestral percentages, there really isn't enough data from which anyone can draw conclusions, which is why I stopped where I did.

Remember, you can still contribute information about your own family's shared DNA to the project. Information on this project and how to participate is here.  Particular if you (or a known relative) has partial Ashkenazic ancestry, please contribute your data so that future posts can include additional Ashkenazic percentages.

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21 comments:

  1. My brother(I am adopted) & our 1st cousin test between 23-26% Ashkenazi. The one cousin, a second cousin, who has tested from our grandfathers family is 100% and has 165 cM across 9 segments. This falls in the range you show on table 5. The only other match I can identify is a half 2nd cousin 1xR. She is 50% and shares a whopping 15.2 cM. I would not have found her because I do not spend time on matches this low, but she has an unusual family name I did a search for.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Lara, thank you for leading this research. It will be very helpful to anyone with Ashkenazi roots, especially when you get even more data points. I was a little surprised to see just small differences between the AJ data and what's on the DNA Painter shared cM site. Do you have any initial summary analysis on the differences between AJ data and DNA Painter data - especially for the "both testers 100%" scenario?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. The averages (once you get away from very close relationships) are higher. Look at second and third cousins. The further away you get, the more of a difference there seems to be. The one thing this doesn't show (which I need to figure out how to cover) is how many Jewish matches fit within the ranges in this chart but are really MUCH further because of endogamy.

      Delete
  3. Hi Lara . Ive completed compilation of most of my personal family DNA test results and will submit 109 different forms tomorrow. These are from Parent out to 5C1R who go as low as 91% and a number of 50/50's. I have a few 4C cousins who still live in Russia and the father has 89% and the daughter 36%. Another Russian father/daughter pair have 43-45 as the mother was also approx 50%. What do you consider the 89% and 36% pair. 75 25 or 100 50??

    I have other data from my 25% to 50% Ashkenazi work but would have to get permission from each of the families even though they cannot be identified.

    ReplyDelete
  4. Hello,

    I am dealing with endogamy, but I am black. Ancestors on my mother's side are from an area in South Carolina where there was apparently a lot of intermarriage. Can I use this chart to estimate relationships? My mother was a foster child and I am trying to figure out who her birth parents were. I'm not sure how to figure out the exact relationships with her DNA matches. For example, she has one with 435 cM and 24 segments on Ancestry. Is she as close a relation as the numbers suggest?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. The numbers won't be the same for other endogamous groups, but the concepts would still apply.

      But endogamy aside, 435cM is a very very good match. Ashkenazic endogamy only adds 150cM or so at most, and that's been going on for much longer than SC endogamy. So definitely pursue that 435cM match which will be not much further than predicted.

      Delete
  5. Hi Lara, I went back to this post because my mother has a match on FTDNA who shares 79 cM but no segment larger than 5 cM. There is a possibility that they are third cousins once removed or perhaps more distant based on a shared surname, but I am wondering how to interpret the amount of DNA shared when the segments are all so small. Any ideas?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. So that is still a possible 3C1R, but that level of DNA sharing doesn't prove that relationship--or any relationship in traceable time, given endogamy. This doesn't rule it out but also doesn't make me jump to that conclusions. Does this match share larger segments with other cousins of your mother's on the same line?

      Delete
  6. These tables are invaluable. However, something seems amiss with 664 cM maximum for fourth cousins (100% AJ both sides). That's almost as much as the max for second cousins and much more than for third. (I'm including some fourth cousins to each other on a chart that I'm compiling to perhaps shed light on whether two branches on my tree descend from a couple or only a GGgF. The fourth cousins are too far out to have meaningful matches, but I want to include them to encourage their interest.)

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I know--the data is only as good as what people (manually) submitted. In an upcoming version, I'm thinking about removing outliers, but noting that fact.

      Delete
  7. Thanks for all your effort. On tables 1-3 might it please be possible to look again at the info for the maximum longest segment for the 2C1R set?

    ReplyDelete
  8. Shalom Lara:

    How do you take endogamy into account when researching you Ashkenazic family roots. Do your tables take this into account?

    Thank you.

    Yaakov Lenn

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. This shows you what real-life relationships(endogamy included) look like. It doesn't show you what predicted relatives (that are much more distant than predicted, because of endogamy) look like--but generally they have much smaller segments at play.

      Delete
  9. Thanks for your efforts! I have when researching who AJ ancestry but on one or two branches. The shared cM project table tends to align well. The more endogamy across multiple branches the less so. Often testers are dissuaded to follow a clue thinking it may be too distant, which is what they hear in FB DNA groups, while some have found it can still line up per the chart if they have one or two AJ branches.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I guess it depends how far back those branches are. If one branch is a parent, it's quite different than if the branch is one gggg grandparent, for example.

      Delete
  10. Hi, Lara! Thank you so much for organizing this project, and especially accounting for those like me who are of about 50% AJ ancestry as well as those with other percentages. This was precisely the kind of info I'd been hoping to find with regards to how much our predicted relationships are potentially overestimated by standard algorithms

    I do have 3 questions, 2 pertaining to the site and 1 much more general:

    1. The other day, I submitted 4 responses before realizing that they are ineligible for the purposes of the study due to my misunderstanding some of the guidelines for submission. (That was totally my bad, and I apologize for that.) Would you be able to locate a set of 4 responses from the same Gmail account that were submitted around 06/05/2022, 1 of which involving a 1C1R with 50% AJ ancestry and a longest shared segment of 52 cM? If so, please disregard those responses, and if not, please let me know what further info I can provide without listing my email address. Either way, I greatly apologize for the inconvenience caused.

    2. Since the form hasn't been deactivated, I'm assuming that you're still collecting responses as of now. If that's the case, will there be another update in the not-so-distant future with current aggregate data? (No rush, of course, since I know you're likely very busy.)

    3. Now for the general question: When a person like me with 50% AJ ancestry is evaluating a DNA match with any amount of AJ ancestry, what thresholds would you recommend for determining whether a match is genuine, and how should I go about reducing the total shared cM for the purposes of "manually" adjusting the relationship distance (even if the site claims that they already do this)?

    Apparently, 23andMe only makes the adjustments for people with 95+% AJ ancestry per their FAQ, and I read that Ancestry only makes the adjustments for predicted relationships of estimated 4th cousins and further. Case in point: I have a set of matches on Ancestry related closely to each other, all with full AJ ancestry, and the eldest two of them (full siblings) share about 175 cM and 200 cM with me respectively, both with longest shared segments of around 40 cM. This suggests a relatively close 2nd or 3rd cousin tier relationship with them were it not for our shared AJ ancestry. However, if Ancestry is counting all of their shared cM instead of dumping the potentially trivial segments like they do with the more distant matches (i.e. the difference between "shared DNA" and "unweighted shared DNA"), then I can't really consider the predicted relationships with these "2nd-3rd cousin" matches to be reliable, can I?

    Assuming that I'm unable to directly contact these matches to get more info from them, what would you suggest in terms of making the corrections on my own to get a better sense of what my true relationship to them likely could be? And if they've only tested on Ancestry (which for reasons I can't fathom apparently refuses to implement even the most basic of DNA match comparison tools for its users), by about how much should I "manually" reduce the total shared cM in order to get a relatively more accurate relationship prediction if it's above the point where they automatically make the adjustments?

    Again, I understand you're very busy, so if you're not up for addressing the latter 2 questions, I completely understand. However, if you are able and willing to provide any insight on the last one, even if it's just a little bit, I would be eternally grateful. Either way, thank you so much once again, especially for all your hard work on this project!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Wow, quite a bit to unwrap here. :)

      1) I deleted those four. Thanks for letting me know!

      2) Yes, I'm hoping to get another iteration out this summer. I just need to find the time.

      3) Use the tables. Largest segment is MUCH more indicative of a traceable relationship than total DNA (or predicted relationship from the commercial companies), at least for those matches that are matching on that Jewish 50%. Ancestry's 2nd-3rd cousins are generally reasonably good (with definite exceptions), but you can concentrate on those matches that have large (say 20cM+ or better 25cM+) segments.

      Delete
    2. Oh wow, thank you so much for the quick and thoughtful reply! :D I know that I had written a lot, as I tend to be quite verbose unfortunately, so I truly appreciate it!

      Thank you, also, for the insight on how best to evaluate DNA matches with shared AJ ancestry in my particular situation! Knowing to limit them to a minimum threshold of 20 to 25 cM of longest shared DNA segment is going to be a huge help to me (taking exceptions into account, of course, such as if I know for certain that a match is directly related to a mutual match whom I've positively IDed as a true one). This guideline will especially come in handy for my numerous "4th cousin" AJ matches on Ancestry without being privy to any other useful info there. It would be so much easier if they'd allow us to know the sizes of the other segments or at least second-largest segment -- I have quite a few matches on other sites with over 70 cM of total shared DNA and a largest segment of 20+ cM but none of the other shared segments exceeding 10 cM, so those were easy enough to rule out (or at least de-prioritize) as genuine matches.

      At any rate, thanks so much once again!

      Delete
  11. Thank so much. Great work. Very helpful. Just one possible mistake detected, in Table 2, 100% Jewish both, SC1R longest is 565.1 which is even larger than the maximum recorded total. Much too large! Yohanan Loeffler

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Unfortunately the output is only as good as the input....

      Delete